Evidently, electrochemical sensing has revolutionized the electroanalytical detections in the world. Since the 19th century, a huge amount of growth has been visible on various fronts, such as biosensors, energy devices, semiconductor devices, communication, embedded systems, sensors etc. However, the major research gap lies in the fact that most of the reported literatures are bulk systems; hence there are limitations for practical applications. Research in these domains has been carried out by both academia and industry, whereby academics is the backbone whose intellectual outputs have been widely adopted by the industry and implemented for consumers at large. In order to impart portability to the electrochemical sensors for point-of-care application, the collaboration of electrochemistry, microfluidics, electronics and communication as an interdisciplinary forum is crucial. The miniaturization, automation, IoT enabling and integration are the requirements for building the mentioned research gap. The conversion of electrochemical sensing theoretical concepts to practical applications in real time via miniaturization and integration of microfluidics will enhance this domain. In this context, of lately, several research groups have developed miniaturized microdevices as electrochemical-sensing platforms. This has led to a demand of offering a reference book as a guideline for the PhD programs in electrochemistry, MEMS, electronics and communication. Undoubtedly, this will have a huge impact for R&D in industries, public-funded research institutes and academic institutions. The book will provide a single forum to understand the current research trends and future perspectives of various electrochemical sensors and their integration in microfluidic devices, automation and point-of-care testing. For students, the book will become a motivation for them to explore these areas for their career standpoints. For the professionals, the book will become a thought-provoking stage to manoeuvre the next-generation devices/processes for commercialization.

This book is about general and specific areas involved in electrical and electronics engineering which comprises broad subjects such as MEMS and Microfluidics, VLSI, Communication and Signal Processing. This book discusses the recent trends in various aspects of research areas for diverse applications like biomedical, biochemical, and power source systems. It also discusses modelling, simulating, and prototyping of the different electronic-based systems for carrying out varied applications. With this book, the readers will understand the multiplatform fundamentals guiding electrical and biomedical devices that form the current features such as automation, integration, and miniaturization of a particular device. This book showcases a unique platform as it covers the different areas of research in this trending era as a benchmark. This book is a link between the electronics and cutting-edge technologies that are being used for numerous applications representing the physical and virtual developments of electronic devices. Therefore, this book will mostly uphold the innovation and originality involved in the development of miniaturized devices, and proposing new methods, emphasizing with different areas of electrical and electronics engineering. This book entitles various approaches involved in electrical, biomedical, and electronics for modern distribution of research strategies and covers the state-of-art research themes. These include signal sensing, signal simulators, 3D printing technology, power systems, data acquisition systems, instrumentation, electrochemical sensing, electromechanical measurements, and signal analysis. The book will provide the academic perspectives of the cutting-edge R&D outputs from the faculty members and Ph.D. students, amalgamating the newer cross-dimensional areas, such as cyber-physical systems, nanoelectronics, smart-sensors, point-of-need devices, etc. The book will become a benchmark to the readers to understand the academic aspect of the contemporary work and the way forward on how this will lead to help the society-at-large.

Microscale fluorescence activated cell-sorting (micro-FACS) is a technology to identify and separate cells. Different elements of the micro-FACS, fabrication of opto-biochips, particle detection and velocity measurement, and flow switching, are studied in the present work. Biochips were fabricated by casting polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the masters fabricated by direct laser-writing, and standard lithography and dry etching. In a different approach, biochips with integrated waveguides and microchannels were fabricated photolithographically on glass substrates using a negative photoresist, SU-8. In these opto-biochips, two excitation waveguides carrying two different wavelengths intersect the microchannel at two points separated and one large output waveguide carry fluorescence signals to a single filtered detector. The velocities of the microparticles were determined by the captured fluorescence from the double peak. Simulations based on beam propagation method were used to predict the performance of the SU-8 waveguides and the intensity at the two intersections has been compared with the experimental results.